free, reactive nitrogen: Robertson, G. Philip, and Peter M. Vitousek. “Nitrogen in Agriculture: Balancing the Cost of an Essential Resource.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34, no. 1 (October 15, 2009): 97–125.
oceanic dead zones: UNEP. “Excess Nitrogen in the Environment.” In UNEP Year Book 2014: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment, 6-11. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
Nitrous oxide…[vs.] carbon dioxide: Myhre, Gunnar, Drew Shindell, François-Marie Bréon, William Collins, Jan Fuglestvedt, Jianping Huang, Dorothy Koch et al. “Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing.” In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
the four Rs: Ehmke, Tanner. “The 4 Rs of Nutrient Management.” Crops and Soils Magazine. September-October 2012.
Right source: Venterea, Rodney T., Maharjan Bijesh, and Michael S. Dolan. “Fertilizer Source and Tillage Effects on Yield-Scaled Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Corn Cropping System.” Journal of Environment Quality 40, no. 5 (2011): 1521.
Right time and right place: Drury, C. F., W. D. Reynolds, X. M. Yang, N. B. McLaughlin, T. W. Welacky, W. Calder, and C. A. Grant. “Nitrogen Source, Application Time, and Tillage Effects on Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Corn Grain Yields.” Soil Science Society of America Journal 76, no. 4 (2012): 1268; Zebarth, B. J., P. Rochette, D. L. Burton, and M. Price. “Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen Management on nitrogen oxide Emissions in Commercial Corn Fields.” Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 2 (2008): 189–95.
right rate: Robertson and Vitousek, “Nitrogen.”
how producers make decisions: Stuart, D., R. L. Schewe, and M. McDermott. “Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application as a Climate Change Mitigation Strategy: Understanding Farmer Decision-Making and Potential Barriers to Change in the US.” Land Use Policy 36 (January 2014): 210–18.
incentives and educational programs: Napier, T L, and T. Bridges. “Adoption of Conservation Production Systems in Two Ohio Watersheds: A Comparative Study.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57, no. 4 (2002): 229–35.
carbon-offset methodology: American Carbon Registry. “Reduced Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer.” http://americancarbonregistry.org/resources/reduced-use-of-nitrogen-fertilizer; Millar, Neville, G. Philip Robertson, Peter R. Grace, Ron J. Gehl, and John P. Hoben. “Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Mitigation in Intensive Corn (Maize) Production: An Emissions Reduction Protocol for.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15, no. 2 (2010): 185–204.
Vermont…nutrient-management plans: Vermont Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets. “Nutrient Management Planning and Land Treatment Planning.” http://agriculture.vermont.gov/water-quality/farmer-assistance/nmp-ltp.
United Kingdom…Nitrate Vulnerable Zones: Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs and Environment Agency. “Nutrient Management: Nitrate Vulnerable Zones.” https://www.gov.uk/guidance/nutrient-management-nitrate-vulnerable-zones.
close yield gaps and ensure adequate supply: Licker, Rachel, Matt Johnston, Jonathan A. Foley, Carol Barford, Christopher J. Kucharik, Chad Monfreda, and Navin Ramankutty. “Mind the Gap: How Do Climate and Agricultural Management Explain the ‘Yield Gap’ of Croplands around the World?” Global Ecology and Biogeography 19, no. 6 (2010): 769–82.
Nitrates Directive; Denmark and the Netherlands: UNEP, “Nitrogen.”
data on fertilizer consumption: FAOSTAT. “Fertilizers.” http://faostat.fao.org/beta/en/#data/RF/visualize.
[impact of] 20 percent improvement: UNEP, “Nitrogen.”
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